![]() However, as discussed above, where these theories appear inadequate, the differential association theory seems capable of providing convincing answers.Īdditionally, the differential association theory can be applied to all age groups since the factor of learned behavior it incorporates is not strictly restricted to people within a certain age bracket. Well-known criminological theories, such as the social disorganization theory and the cultural deviance theory, which seem to focus more on blue collar crimes, cannot convincingly explain organized crime and white-collar crimes (Drew, 2021). The differential association theory would explain this situation by stating that individuals who have closer and more associations with criminals than with non-criminals were more likely to join the Mafia (Sutherland, 1950). In fact, even during the peak of the American Mafia during the 1960/70s, the NYPD comprised many Italian-Americans, some of whose close family members were part of the Mafia. What bears noting, however, is that despite the influence of the surrounding culture, not all members of mafia families necessarily join the organized crime network. Having family members already involved in its structure functions as a potent invitation to potential members. People tend to join the mafia, often growing up inside its culture (Drew, 2021). Though criminal conduct could express general values and needs, they do not explain wrongdoing since non-criminal behavior can convey the same values and needs.The process of learning criminal conduct via association with anti-criminal and criminal patterns involves all mechanisms associated with other types of learning.While quantitative rating and the construction of ratios in this regard remain possible, developing formulae to measure the factors above seems difficult. This postulate considers selective influence, related emotional reactions, the role of a criminal pattern’s prestige, etc. Differential associations might vary in duration, intensity, frequency, and priority.This principle implies that encounters with criminal patterns should surpass the exposure to anticriminal patterns for transgression to arise and that neutral associations, if at all, exert little impact on the genesis of crime. When the rationalizations of violating the law exceed the abovementioned interpretations unfavorable to violating the law, a person chooses delinquency.The direction of drives toward criminal conduct is learned via the interpretation of local laws as unfavorable or favorable.The rationalization of wrongdoing to oneself and others. The requisite techniques (possibly complicated) for the perpetration of crime b. ![]() ![]() The learning process imparts instruction concerning: a.This proposition implies that the mass media plays no significant role in engendering criminal behavior. Small groups and intimate relationships form the principal source of the aforementioned learning.Criminal behavior is learned via interactions with others (who may already be engaging in such conduct) through a process of communication which is primarily verbal but may include gestures.Sutherland seems to preclude the inheritance of criminal conduct or any propensities thereunto. Criminal conduct is learned: This proposition assumes that a person does not engage in transgression without having learned it.The theory’s capacity to explain a broad range of criminal conduct could not escape notice, and Sutherland’s contribution remains relevant to criminology to this day. Sutherland introduced his theory in 1939 in the 3rd edition of his work Principles of Criminology and presented a refined version of the same later in 1947. in sociology from the University of Chicago, responded by drawing on the work of Shaw, McKay, Sellin, and Wirth and developing the differential association theory employing rigorous scientific methods. Edwin Sutherland, who had earned his Ph.D. The philosopher Mortimer Adler and Columbia Law Professor Jerome Michael, in particular, underscored this drawback publicly in a joint critique of criminology. Prior to the development of the differential association theory, the field of criminology suffered from a manifest paucity of scientific theories capable of accounting for criminal conduct (Vinney, 2021).
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